Bullying

Bullying is abusive treatment, the use of force or coercion to affect others,^[2] particularly when habitual and involving an imbalance of power. It may involve verbal harassment, physical assault or coercion and may be directed persistently towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender, sexuality or ability.^[3][4] The "imbalance of power" may be social power and/or physical power. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a "target."
Bullying consists of three basic types of abuse – emotional, verbal and physical. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,^[5] some U.S. states have laws against it.^[6]
Bullying ranges from simple one-on-one bullying to more complex bullying in which the bully may have one or more 'lieutenants' who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.^[7] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.
Bullying can occur in any context in which human beings interact with each other. This includes school, church, family, the workplace, home and neighborhoods. It is even a common push factor in migration. Bullying can exist between social groups, social classes and even between countries (see jingoism). In fact on an international scale, perceived or real imbalances of power between nations, in both economic systems and in treaty systems, are often cited as some of the primary causes of both World War I and World War II.^[8][9]

JNR Class D51

The Class D51 (D51形^?) is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways, the Japanese National Railways and various manufacturers from 1936 to 1951. The name consists of a "D" for the four sets of driving wheels and the class number 51 for tender locomotives that the numbers 50 through 99 were assigned to under the 1928 locomotive classification rule.
The design of Class D51 was based on the earlier Class D50, which was introduced in 1923. A total of 1,115 D51 locomotives were built, the largest number of locomotives in a single class in Japan. Early D51s built were known as "Namekuji type" (or "slug"). The Class D51 is popularly called "Degoichi" in Japanese.
The specially built D51s that were left on Sakhalin (formerly Karafuto) by the retreating Japanese at the end of World War II were used until 1979 by Russian Railways. One was left outside Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station, and one is in running condition and is kept at the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station. Additionally two wrecks were left to the north of the city.^[2]

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work,^[1][2] but the notion remains problematic with nebulous boundaries.^[3][4][5][6] The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement, while in the previous centuries authors and artists were encouraged to "copy the masters as closely as possible" and avoid "unnecessary invention."^{[7][8][9][10][11][12]}
The 18th century new morals have been institutionalized and enforced prominently in the sectors of academia and journalism, where plagiarism is now considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics, subject to sanctions like expulsion and other severe career damage. Not so in the arts, which not only have resisted in their long-established tradition of copying as a fundamental practice of the creative process,^[12][13][14] but with the boom of the modernist and postmodern movements in the 20th century, this practice has been heightened as the central and representative artistic device.^[12][15][16] Plagiarism remains tolerated by 21st century artists.^[13][14]
Plagiarism is not a crime per se but is disapproved more on the grounds of moral offence,^[7][17] and cases of plagiarism can involve liability for copyright infringement.

Japanese yen

The Japanese yen (円 or 圓 en^?) (sign: ¥; code: JPY) is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro.^{[1][verification needed]} It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling. As is common when counting in East Asia, large quantities of yen are often counted in multiples of 10,000 (man, 万) in the same way as values in Western countries are often quoted in thousands.

Copyright

A copyright is a set of exclusive right granted by a state to the creator of an original work or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for public disclosure of the work.This includes the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. In most jurisdictions copyright arises upon fixation and does not need to be registered.Copyright owners have the exclusive statutory right to exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time, after which the work is said to enter the public domain.

Uses covered under limitations and exceptions to copyright , such as fair use, do not require permission from the copyright owner.All other uses require permission. Copyright owners can license or permanently transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others.

Initially copyright law applied to only the copying of books.Over time other uses such as translations and derivative work were made subject to copyright. Copyright now covers a wide range of works, including, 

 maps,sheet music dramatic works,paintings,photographs,architectural drawings,sound recordings,motion pictures and computer programs.The British Statute of Anne 1709, full title "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned", was the first copyright statute. Today copyright laws are partially standardized through international and regional agreements such as the Berne Convention and the WIPO Copyright Treaty.. Although there are consistencies among nations' copyright laws, each jurisdiction has separate and distinct laws and regulations covering copyright. National copyright laws on licensing, transfer and assignment of copyright still vary greatly between countries and copyrighted works are licensed on a territorial basis. Some jurisdictions also recognize moral rights of creators, such as the right to be credited for the work.

Blogs

A blog can a lot of things, but the shortest answer is it's a website written in journal-style.Usually a blog will have many entries, arranged in reverse chronological order, with the most recent at the top. Since you're wondering: "blog" is short for "web log."Some people use a blog as away of keeping a personal journal or diary online.
But a lot of other people have blog that are almost like news sites.Blog can also be started by companies to promote something.Political of cultural blogs usually provide commentary political figures & current events. And some people blog about a special interest of hobby.A person with a cooking blog might post recipes,stories,
comments,and tips about cooking, pictures of dishes and links to other cooking sites or blogs.There are blog for pretty much anything you want.Fashion blog, neighberhood blogs, music blogs, scince blogs, art blog - you name it.And some blogs function like forum, alowing readers to comtribute.These kinds of blog are more interavted
because users' comments can create an ongoing discussion.Having a blog is aslo a cheep and effective way for
people to show ther work on the Internet. There are a bunch of places on the web you can go to sign up for

a free blog.Once you started, you can post pictures,music,or writing on your blog so that who come across

your page can see your work.With an audioblog (or MP3 blog),you can upload music or audio files that people can download,Witich is agood way for new, unkown artist to get heard.a photo blog is a blog that features photograths; kind of like an electronic photoalbum!A vidio blog is the same,but for videos

even thought they were all over the place these day,blogs are pritty new. They first popped up in the mid-1990s. A collage stutand name Justin Hall,who begen writng an online diary in 1994, is often credited

as the first blogger.Today there are  tens of millons of blogs! Talent agents sometimes scan the blog world (also known as the blogosphere) looking for new voices.You shoud alway be carefull about what you post

on a blog if you decide to start one.Never reveal any personal information,like your full name or outher

contact information,it could be dangerous. Anyway, that's the information abour blogs